Abstract: The statement of the question; the Tudeh Party is the most organized political party in the contemporary history of Iran. Founded in 1320 (1941), the Party had branches and offices in most regions in Iran. However, the Party’s activities in the south oilfield regions were of paramount importance, since the largest working class population in Iran was concentrated in these regions. Moreover, the southern regions had a tribal and nomadic social structure, and the influential Bakhtiari and Arab tribes were active in the political and social arena in the region. Therefore, the main research question is whether these social forces in the south oilfield regions were following or confronting the Tudeh Party. Methodology; the present study is a historical study. The main data are collected from primary resources, documents and the press and processed by the historical explanation methodology. Findings; due to the prevalence of the working class structure in the south oilfield regions, the Tudeh Party enjoyed widespread sympathy in the regions. Thanks to this fact, during the 1320s, the Party succeeded in challenging the government and the heads of the Oil Company and making significant progress in improving the workers’ condition. The government and the heads of the Oil Company used the Bakhtiaris and Arabs to confront the Party by undermining its social status in the region. Moreover, recruiting workers from other regions of Iran and even hiring non-Iranian workers deepened the extensive political, social, and cultural contrasts and these factors were significant in neutralizing the Party’s plans. However, it seems that the major role involved in making the divergence from the Tudeh Party was played by the external interventions, especially the interventions of the heads of the Oil Company and the United Kingdom’s agents who had extensive influence among the tribes in the South.
