Amirreza Amirmijani

Sequencing the fungal genomes reveals extensive variability in the structure and dynamics of the genome to better understand the mechanisms that have led to the increase in disease incidence related to pathogenicity genes [1]. The genomes exhibit different numbers of chromosomes and other establishments of chromosomal, defining so-called accessory compartments that are crucial to pathogenicity in plant-infecting fungi. Pathogens produce small proteins called effectors that exert their activity in the host’s extracellular environment or inside host cells and manipulate the plant immune system [2]. A significant interest in sequencing the genomes has understood the localization of effector genes in pathogen genomes. Effectors trigger plant immune responses that are molecularly similar and often identical in pathogenic and beneficial microbes. The first layer of biochemical plant defense is achieved by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) [3]. We are focusing on recent advances in genome sequencing technologies, genome alignment and assembly (MACSE and ABySS), gene annotation (AUGUSTUS), and effector identification methods (Proteinortho, OrthoFinder, Signal p, Go ontology, Ensemble, and Swissprot) that hold promise to disclose complete and correct effector repertoires [4]. The whole-genome analysis allows exploiting entire effector repertoires and knowledge of their diversity within pathogen populations to develop durable and sustainable resistance breeding strategies, disease control, and management of plant pathogens.