Alireza Mohammadi

The vulnerability of large ungulates to extinction is a significant environmental issue due to their roles in shaping the structure and stability of ecosystems. To prevent mass extinction, some of their habitats are managed as protected areas. However, large ungulates such as the Caspian red deer still face numerous threats to their survival. Public involvement in conservation approaches may help reduce their vulnerability. Despite this, few in-depth studies have been conducted on collective actions to conserve endangered species, and little is known about the factors influencing collective action in wildlife conservation. To fill these gaps, this study aims to determine the causes, drivers, and consequences of collective action to conserve the Caspian red deer. Using qualitative research, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with rangers, environmental activists, and conservation project managers and members in Golestan National Park, Iran. Through qualitative analysis of interviews, field visits, and participatory observations, this study reveals that Caspian red deer face survival threats due to land-use change, heavy poaching, poverty, livestock grazing, rapid development of road networks, and government policies. However, the collective conservation of Caspian red deer during the rutting season has enhanced habitat security and increased the species’ population. Furthermore, the involvement of diverse actors and multiple perspectives has fostered local community participation, environmental learning, and a sense of responsibility. The findings suggest that various institutional, sociocultural, psychological, management, and legal factors have contributed to the success of collective conservation initiatives.