razieh razavi

Conductive polymers (CPs) have emerged as revolutionary materials in the field of photovoltaics, offering significant advantages over traditional inorganic semiconductors, particularly in terms of mechanical flexibility, lowcost solution processability, and tunable electronic properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications of CPs, such as polyaniline (PANI), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives, in various solar cell architectures, including bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We discuss the role of CPs as active layer components, hole transporting materials (HTMs), and electron-blocking layers, emphasizing how their structural modifications influence charge carrier mobility, energy level alignment, and overall device efficiency and stability. Challenges related to long term operational stability and intrinsic power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are also addressed, alongside emerging strategies to overcome these limitations through advanced morphology control and composite material development. The potential for low-cost, large-area flexible solar energy harvesting underscores the continuing relevance of CPs in sustainable energy technology.