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Abstract
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Electromembrane extraction (EME) has emerged as a novel, versatile and efficient approach for sample preparation, widely applied across various scientific fields. Given the economic and industrial drive for maximum
efficiency, the membrane in EME systems, a crucial part of the process, has been extensively studied. This has led
to the development of multiple membrane formats, fabrication techniques, and modification approaches. The
introduction and application of novel EME systems are particularly highlighted for complex analytes or samples,
where maximum purification, recovery or elimination is desired. Additionally, EME offers significant advantages
in reducing operation time and cost, making it particularly valuable in addressing environmental concerns. This
review summarises the various membrane options, such as hollow fibers, flat sheets, polymer inclusions, and gel
membranes, discussing their conventional fabrication methods with an emphasis on the advantages and general
specifications of each. Furthermore, the review explores membrane modification approaches for improving EME
performance, including solvent and polymeric support modifications, outlining specific applications, benefits,
and future prospects. Challenges and limitations of these membrane options are also discussed
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