محمد حسین خانجانی

There was no noticeable effect on the attractiveness, palatability, or apparent digestibility of the formulation when fish meal was completely replaced with terrestrial meals. Compared to traditional fish meal-based formulation diets, terrestrial meal-based formulation diets allowed shrimp to eat more and experience similar appetite revival. The use of crystalline amino acids in shrimp feed is becoming more popular as fish meal is being replaced in aqua feeds. Increasingly, crystalline amino acid supplementation is used in shrimp feed formulations to supplement essential amino acids such as methionine and lysine, which are typically lacking in alternative protein sources. As a result of shrimp's slow feeding behavior, feeds can lose specific nutrients before they're eaten. There have been determined requirements for essential amino acids (EAAs) for a number of species of fish and shrimp. In plant and animal byproducts, methionine and lysine are the first limiting amino acids. Over-formulating feeds with excessive levels of crude protein and other nutrients can result from simply increasing the inclusion levels of feedstuffs that contain intact sources of the targeted EAAs. It is also important to know the amino acid profile and bioavailability of a protein ingredient before selecting it. The most desirable condition is to have all EAAs present at balanced levels that are biologically available and meet the nutrient requirements of the targeted species. However, this is not typically the case, since many of the alternatives commonly used in fish and shrimp diets lack one or more of the essential amino acids. An overview of research conducted on the bioavailability and essential amino acid requirements of marine penaeid shrimp is presented in the present paper.