Mohammadjavad Jahanshahi

This study reports a novel photocatalytic CuFeS2/CuWO4 protonated algae heterojunction with directional charge transfer channels achieved by algae microorganisms to gain effective e− /h+ pair isolation for better tetracycline antibiotic (TC) and rhodamine B dye (RhB) degradation. Spirulina algae were also photodegraded in the system, and the generation of O2•- and organic free radicals could boost the TC and RhB degradation. The results revealed that the Photo-Fenton degradation efficiency for TC and RhB under optimal conditions reached 98.3 % and 99.4 % within 30 min of visible light irradiation treatment. The bio-nano hybrid materials were completely characterized with analyses such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The experiments with scavengers indicated that superoxide radicals and holes played a more important role than hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed possible TC and RhB degradation pathways. CuFeS2/CuWO4 heterojunction photocatalysts revealed superior reusability, with FTIR spectroscopy verifying their structural integrity after multiple recovery cycles, emphasizing their costeffectiveness and sustainability. This photo-Fenton system can effectively degrade pharmacological contamination in hospital effluent. The environmental examination of the entire procedure for growing lentil seeds using treated wastewater has been investigated. SP-Algae@CuFeS2/CuWO4 photocatalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, with FTIR spectroscopy confirming its structural integrity after multiple recovery cycles, highlighting its cost-effectiveness and sustainability.