NMR-based metabolomics was applied to explore metabolic impacts of diazinon on sea water adaptation
of Persian sturgeon fingerlings, Acipenser persicus. Fingerlings were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations
of diazinon in freshwater (FW) for 96 h (short-term trial) and 12 days (long-term trial) and then exposed
in brackish water (BW) (12 mg L1 salinity) for 24 h. After 96 h and 12 days exposure in FW, identified
metabolites (amino acids, osmolytes, energy metabolites) showed different change-patterns compared to
control group (P < 0.05) as follow: (A) short-term trial: higher plasma levels of glucose, lactate (in all
diazinon-exposed fish), acetate and acetoacetate (in 0.9 mg L1diazinon treatment); lower levels of
creatine (in all diazinon-exposed fish), trimethylamine-N-oxide, choline, taurine, betaine, N,Ndimethylglycine
and almost all amino acids in fish exposed to high concentrations of diazinon (0.54
and 0.9 mg L1 diazinon). (B) Long-term trial: higher plasma levels of lipid oxidation metabolites and
almost all amino acids in fish exposed to 0.54 and 0.9 mg L1 diazinon; lower levels of creatine,
trimethylamine-N-oxide, N,N-dimethylglycine, betaine, choline (in all diazinon-exposed fish), glucose (in
0.54 and 0.9 mg L1diazinon treatments) and taurine (in 0.9 mg L1 diazinon treatment).
When fish were exposed in BW for 24 h, the plasma levels of osmolytes decreased significantly in
almost all experimental groups of short-term and long-term trial (P < 0.05). In short-term trial, the
plasma levels of glucose in all groups and lactate in 0.18 and 0.54 mg L1 diazinon treatments increased
after salinity challenge (P < 0.05). However, a significant decrease was observed in lactate levels in
0.9 mg L1 diazinon treatment (P < 0.05). Also, the plasma levels of amino acids decreased mostly in fish
of control group than exposed fish (P < 0.05). The plasma glycerol concentration showed a significant
decrease only in fish of 0.54 mg L1 diazinon treatment (P < 0.05). I